Future of Space Exploration
By, Garrett D. Walker
360-621-7466
Abstract:
Space
exploration is the future of the human race. Unfortunately this issue is not
displayed to the general public much. Since the “Space Age” in the sixties,
many people have stopped caring about space exploration. In this paper, I will
be discussing the advancements being made towards space exploration in regards
to technological advancements, political movements towards exploration and
colonization, and the general physics behind all of this. One day, sooner than
we think, advancement into space will affect all of us. I hope to inform and
inspire.
Outline
I)
Introduction: I give a brief overview of topic, followed by my thesis
statement:
a)
Humans need to expand to survive.
i)
Future missions by NASA are planned to search for terrestrial planets.
(Fridlund)
ii)
It is thought that in today’s society it may be more practical to send robots
on these missions. (Bhandari)
b)
Education of people about space exploration.
c) Thesis Statement: If
we wish to survive as a race, we must expand our existence beyond our planet
alone. We cannot put it off any longer. If advancement towards space
exploration is not made, the human race will eventually cease to exist out of
our own procrastination.
II) The Politics of
Space Travel: There are many conflicting views on whether humans should explore
space, and how much they should. This can be a big issue in funding space
programs.
a)
In 1967, a treaty was signed by the UN governing the principles of space
exploration. (Faith)
i)
Different countries have different views on space exploration in terms of
morality, necessity, and economy. (Coates)
b)
Many feel that space exploration is necessary for human beings. (Narenda)
i)
Human survival could be based upon prospective planet colonization. (Crawford)
ii) Value of humans in space. (Craig)
III) Advancement into
our solar system will greatly rely on technology.
a)
There are many needs we have as a race in a technological sense that we do not
have yet, but could possibly attain through funding. (Krishen)
i)
There are people fighting for these grants and making good cases for them.
Simple advancements in technology can change everything. (Crawford)
b)
Human-robotic partnerships may be the biggest tool in advancing us into the
solar system. (Garvin)
i)
Robots will be able to withstand harsher conditions than humans, as well as
keep humans out of danger. (Bogue)
ii)
Some robotic systems are already being put to use in space exploration.
(Gelfand, Hoffstad, Margolis)
c)
There are great engineers working around the world on technology to be used and
currently in use.
i)
In addition to robotic systems in use, there are engineers developing
technology to be used soon. (Kahng, Li, Peh, Samadi)
ii)
The Hubble Telescope is possible the most famous astronomical instrument, and
for good reason. (Aurora, Kirk)
IV) Physics is the
makeup of everything, and the advancement of physics means the advancement of
human beings.
a)
There are roughly 22,000,000 habitable planets discovered in our universe, and
counting. (Fridlund)
i)
The knowledge of physics is helping us unveil the mysteries of outer space and
paving the way for exploration. (Greene)
ii)
Radiation and other health problems are also being solved by physics. (Lehoucq)
iii)
The sun may be our biggest obstacle in space exploration. And who is there to
help us with this problem? Once again, physics. (Brown)
b)
Colonization of planets will be our biggest goal. (Fridlund)
i)
We must decipher which planets are the “easiest” to possibly colonize.
(Fridlund)
ii)
Particle astrophysics are a land barrier in space travel, and we are working
into it. (Hallin, Hallman)
iii)
Gamma Rays have been featured in literature causing mutations, but their
possible re-precautions are very real. And finding how to survive their effects
will be crucial in colonization. (Catanese, Weekes)
V) Conclusion
a) Importance
b) Physics/technology
c) Funding
d) Presidential quote
The future of human success is in space exploration. Thus we must
address the possibilities within it. The question to be addressed is: Can
humans and robots colonize other planets and moons in our solar system and
beyond? I believe that we can. I wish to educate the general populous about our
future as a race advancing into space, and hopefully encourage more young
scholars to pursue careers in astronomy, astrophysics etc., as to further this
goal of exploration and colonization along more quickly, as well as persuade
readers of the importance of space exploration. This paper is intended for
scholars, as well as anyone interested in the future exploration of our
universe. It will be written in the format of a research paper as to inform
readers of the issue from different points of view and practicality. I
understand that most people don’t know a huge amount about this topic, and I
intend to address that. I plan on using work from NASA and scholarly journals
written by astronomers, engineers, and astrophysicists. I hope to inform and
inspire.
When people think about the future, they often think of space ships, and aliens
and other science-fiction related things. What many fail to imagine is; what if
we don’t make it to “the future”? In the second section of my paper, I plan to
move into the politics of space exploration. I will address the treaty of 1967,
the necessity for humans to explore, different views on colonization, and the
survival issues of humans in space. I will also address the phenomenon of
private space exploration. Our planet won’t last forever, and if we [the human
race] wish to make it to this alleged science-fiction future, we must accept
that fact and work towards moving away from our dying planet and into the rest
of this universe. Space exploration is no longer an idea of science-fiction; it
is now an idea of the near future.
Astronomy as a science dates back to pre-historical Europe. While they did not
possess the tools we have now, it is human nature to be curious, and even in
ancient times, people wondered what was beyond the stars. Humans need oxygen
and water to survive, thus making many planets uninhabitable. There is also the
problem of time taken to reach a planet (i.e. if you left on a rocket to Mars
today, it would take you roughly 30 years to get there). The advancement of
robotics however has enabled to branch further out than we currently could if
we only used human pioneers. I will address the lawyers working for grant money
for these advancements as well as human-robotic partnerships. There are many
benefits to using robots as opposed to humans, and they must be shared. I will
also discuss the technology currently in use and the technology being worked on
for future use. Astrophysics, biochemical physics, and aeronautical engineering
are all making progress in hopes to further our existence into the universe.
In the 1960s, the United States of America, the
Russian Federation, China, and India all began working towards traveling to
Earth’s nearest terrestrial body: the moon. Throughout the 1960s, moon travels
were all the rage. This decade came to be known by astronomers as the “space
age.” After the hype of the first man walking on the moon however, the general
public lost interest. There were still advances being made, but people didn’t
seem to care. Because of this, financial, and political reasons, with the
exception of the International Space Station, little work been done to move
humans to terrestrial bodies other than our own. This is not to say that there
are not men and women working every day in labs and in the International Space
Station to make progress, but unfortunately due to it being seen as a luxury
opposed to a necessity, funding for these programs has not been good. It is
understandable of course. There are many Earthly problems that need funding to
be attended to now, as to where space exploration can be attended to later, but
later may be too late. If we do not put effort into expanding our existence now,
we may never have the chance.
Physics is a huge factor in every branch of
science including space travel. Because of this, I must include the physics of
discovered habitable planets, the possible health issues of space travel and
the barriers in our way. I must also address the likelihood of our colonization
of planets in terms of particle astrophysics, and gamma radiation.
I will then conclude my paper reasserting the importance and necessity of our
advancement into the universe. The advancements in science and technology that
we must make, the political and economic issues of space travel, and attempt to
personally connect with my readers through appeals to emotion.
The future of human success is in space
exploration. Thus we must address the possibilities within it. The question to
be addressed is: Can humans and robots colonize other planets and moons in our
solar system and beyond? I believe that we can. I wish to educate the general
populous about our future as a race advancing into space, and hopefully
encourage more young scholars to pursue careers in astronomy, astrophysics
etc., as to further this goal of exploration and colonization along more
quickly. This paper is intended for scholars, as well as anyone interested in
the future exploration of our universe. It will be written in the format of a
research paper as to inform readers of the issue from different points of view
and practicality. I understand that most people don’t know a huge amount about
this topic, and I intend to address that. I plan on using work from NASA and
scholarly journals written by astronomers, engineers, and astrophysicists. I
hope to inform and inspire. Humans need to expand if we wish to survive. With
the relatively new field of comparative planetology, scientists are working
towards discovering which planets are most habitable for humans in the future.
Malcolm Fridlund states in his article “Planetology [is the combination] of the
fields of astronomy and astrophysics.” Therefore it is undeniable that further
knowledge of space will rely on the work done in planetology. There is a belief
that it would be more practical to send robots on missions as opposed to
humans. In their paper “Planetary Exploration: Scientific importance and future
prospects” Narenda Bhandari makes remarks about results found by robotic
rovers, “…the sameple-return missions have brought back surface rocks and core
samples from several locations on the moon, making it possible to carry out
trace element, isotopic and geochronological studies.” These results are
evidence that even sending robots to places that humans may not be able to
reach can bring us results and further our exploration. After all, robots are
less likely to make mistakes, and we would not be endangering the lives of
human astronauts. The future lies in space, but the future will be run by the
children of today. We must educate them about astronomy and space to ensure
attention to it in the future. The more we can educate our children, the more
progress will be made. If
we wish to survive as a race, we must expand our existence beyond our planet
alone. We cannot put it off any longer. If advancement towards space
exploration is not made, the human race will eventually cease to exist out of
our own procrastination.
Politics seems as if it should be a
worldly issue, but it is not. Politics is now affecting human ability to travel
beyond our world. Ryan Faith writes about the treaty signed in 1967 regarding
the laws to govern the exploration of space, “It is not unusual for the
diplomatic community to indulge in grandiose overreach with treaty arguments
about potentially contested territory.” Faith is stating that the United
Nations should stay out of individual countries’ rights to explore the final
frontier, and I agree with him. If space is infinite, there can never be
territorial control, and therefore there cannot be control over the exploration
of the frontier. There are different views about space exploration however.
Andrew Coates, author of “Limited by Cost: The Case Against Humans in the
Scientific Exploration of Space.” For example believes that because there are
more important things that governmental funding should go to, for the time
being, we should stray away from space exploration. But if we do this, how long
shall we do it? Procrastination is not, and cannot be the answer. Eventually we
will need to expand into our universe, and while I sympathize that there are
earthly issues that should be taken care of, the longer we procrastinate our
extension into the universe, the less of a chance of survival we give ourselves
when our planet eventually becomes uninhabitable. Some see leaving our planet
as ungodly, some see it as a necessity. But what it will eventually come down
to, is desire. If humans desire to live, they will expand into the galaxy.
Those who wish to stay behind and perish may. But to continue our extinctive
need to survive, we must accept that, whether our doing or not, our planet one
day will no longer be habitable, and if we wish to live, we must move on.
There
are a ridiculous number of technological needs for space exploration. And while
we are making progress every day, there is so much to do that we must invest
time and money into making these advancements. In their paper “Technology Needs
for Future Space Exploration,” Krishen Kumar is quoted saying “With the human
Mars mission being the first to such a distant planet, advanced technologies
will be required…” Humans are capable of traveling in space. Humans are willing
to travel in space. The little we know about the universe is enough right now
to allow us to travel, however we need the technology. There are engineers who
would be able to design and build the advanced technology necessary, but
without proper funding we will forever be trapped in a state of ability without
action. Like any other funding necessary, there are cases being made for money
to be granted for the advancement of technology to be used for space
exploration. A paper written by Ian A Crawford, “Towards an Integrated
Scientific and Social Case for Human Space Exploration,” notes his argument “I
will argue that an ambitious programme of human space exploration, involving a
return to the Moon, and eventually human missions to Mars, will add greatly to
human knowledge.” This is obviously the point of view that space missions are
worth while, but it draws to my attention that he only mentions the moon and
Mars. I believe that’s where it will begin, but who knows where it will go? If
we get to Mars, that is our new pit-stop. From there, we can move further and
further out into the galaxy. The possibilities, much like our universe, are
infinite. The most practical investment may be human and robot partnerships.
Humans can build robots to withstand much harsher conditions than we can.
Robert Bogue writes about an industrial robot being built to possibly remove
certain human aspects from space travel thus making it safer for us. We are
already using technological systems in space such as surrogate endpoints with
Venus (Gelfand, Hoffstad, and Margolis). And there are projects being worked o
today to be used in the hopefully near future. In an article written by Andrew
Kahng, Bin Li, Li-Shiuan Peh, and Kambiz Samadi, they discuss the recent
progress of the ORION 2.0, “…early-stage estimation of NoC power has become
critically important.” Referencing this early stage model that could later
(with development) be used in future space travel. It’s being worked on now and
is see as quite promising for the future. Not many people know much of the
ORION, but everyone has heard of the Hubble Space Telescope. “…repairs to the
Hubble Space Telescope made by NASA astronauts last year were a spectacular
success.” When NASA went up to the International Space Station last year, there
was a lot riding on their mission. The Hubble Space telescope is regarded by
most as the most important astronomical tool we have today (with the obvious
exception of the space station itself). This is clearly evident that we have
the ability to build the necessary technology to advance our race into space,
but of course, as it all has before, it all comes back to funding. Without
money, the ideas and abilities of these engineers is often wasted. We have the
tools, not we need to cash. I don’t think anyone wants to be regretting the
lack of funding for engineers when our sun is dying out and we are unable to
find a new hospitable planet.
Physics
is the make up of the entire universe. There is nothing smaller, nor bigger
than physics. With a field like this, there are always going to be subfields.
The main subfields affecting space exploration are astrophysics, experimental
physics, biophysics, and theoretical physics. These subfields along with
astronomy have created basically a love child called comparative planetology.
This field is responsible for the discovery of 22,000,000 habitable planets in
our universe. Knowing these planets are out there raises the question of if we
can or someday will live on one of these other habitable planets (Fridlund).
Jared Greene is a well respected physicist and author of the book The
Elegant Universe in
which he discusses superstrings, string theory, and hidden dimensions in our
universe. He is quoted calling relativity, a theoretical framework for the make
up of our universe as one of “…the fundamental pillars that physics is based
upon.” The problem here is that relativity has not been proven nor dis-proven.
Along with Einstein’s string theory. If one of these were to be proven, our
knowledge of the universe would expand so greatly that we would likely e able
to navigate through space with ease. And believe it or not, this quest for the
ultimate theory is just the tip of the iceberg of problems physicists are
attempting to solve every day. Physics deals with radiation, and radiation is
always a concern in space travel. In “Illuminating the Black Body” by Roland
Lehoucq, hypotheses about enduring radiation are discussed. If we wish to
travel into space, this issue of radiation must be solved. While radiation is a
huge issue, some physicists believe that our big star the sun may be a bigger
problem. Technology can advance in exponential bounds, but it is unlikely we
will ever have the technology to fly close to the sun. In DS Brown’s “Our
Explosive Sun” they describe the suns’s rays put off as “Hot charged gas
(plasma) is trapped on lines of magnetic force that can snap like an elastic
band…” As an astronaut, I don’t think that would be of comfort knowing and
flying close to the sun. as physics progresses, everything else will progress,
but to progress, physics must have funds. The goal behind all of this work
would be eventually to colonize. To paraphrase Malcolm Fridlund, there are many
habitable planets, we must find which are most inhabitable and most likely for
us to be able to reach. Particle astrophysics are another form of physics in
smaller form as written about in Hallin and Hallman’s “The Wonderous New World
of Particle Astrophysics,” it is discussed that with the advancement in
experimental particle astrophysics, doors are being opened to test
astrophysical hypotheses, which if proven, would launch us exponentially into
the future of space travel. What many people don’t understand is that a small
discovery in physics means big results, and to move into the future we MUST
invest in particle astrophysics. Catanese and Weekes’ paper “Very High Gamma
Ray Astronomy,” discusses gamma radiation. Gamma radiation has been used in
popular comics giving humans superpowers, but the effects of gamma radiation
are quite real. This, another road block on the race to space colonization must
be invested for the sake and prosperity of our species. For all we know about
physics and the makeup of our universe, there is so much more we don’t know.
And if we wish to move on into our universe, there is so much more that we must
discover.
Humans
will not live past the death of our sun if we remain on Earth. Some people may
see our leaving as unnatural but it is human nature to survive, and we must
accept that if we wish to do such. we cannot live in fear of space any longer. we cannot postpone our advancement any longer. the thirst for knowledge is eternal, as is the will to survive and space exploration is the key to both. Physics must advance as well as technology,
but if we wait to put our time into these fields, it may one day be too late.
Quantum physics tells us that it is possible for something to appear from
nothing. What if this something happens to be solar flares with Earth in their
trajectory? We must fund these programs for the sake of knowledge and safety.
If anything, we must have options as a safety net. Space is frightening, and at
times so is progress. But what’s scary than that is death. Genocide. And if we
ignore advancement into space, this is what we will be left with. As Franklin D
Roosevelt said “…the only thing we have to fear is fear itself…”
Lit
Review
The future is in astrophysics. Our planet
will not last forever, and if humans do not want to die out, we must further
our existence into the universe. While debated by science, religion, and
scientology as to when, the general populous agrees that eventually Earth will
cease to exist, and to ensure human survival, we must expand our knowledge on
space exploration and colonization of terrestrial planets. Sources for this
project came primarily from online databases ERIC and JSTOR, as well as books
from multiple libraries written by physicists, astronomers, engineers, and
space scientists. Sources tend to fall along certain lines, which are basically
the politics and history of space travel as well as its cultural effects, the advancement
of aeronautical engineering for future missions and exploration, as well as the
bio and astrophysics behind space travel.
Some
sources referred to the politics of space exploration. For example, Ryan G.
Faith’s “The Future Of Space,” published in a 20014 issue of World Affairs
Journal.
Ryan Faith shows how the “Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of
States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, Including Moon and Other
Celestial Bodies” that was signed back in 1967, caused the United Nations to
set the worldwide consensus on the future of exploration of our solar system,
and the laws governing it. Ryan writes about this and other political issues
involving the advancement of space travel. I will use this source to reverence
the already mentioned treaty and other space related political acts to analyze
their validity and possible future effects on terrestrial exploration. An
opinion on space politics is given by astronomer Bhandari Narendra in his
article “Planetary exploration: Scientific importance and future prospects,”
published in an issue of Current Science in January of 2014. The astronomer
explains the importance of further planetary exploration, and the ability of
humans and human-made robots to explore planets in the relatively near future.
References to unmanned shuttles are made in addition to show that even without
the necessary technology for humans to survive, we may still explore space. I
will be referencing Bhandari’s arguments when backing up my suggestion that
further exploration into space is imperative. A historical account of culture
affected by space travel is Gerard J. DeGroot’s Dark Side of the Moon: The
Magnificent Madness of the American Lunar Quest, published by the NYU
Press in 2006. This book will help me gather information about the time period
when space exploration was on everyone’s mind. It will offer a unique insight
to how space travel affects culture, something I plan to address in my paper.
In a book by Francis French and Colin Burgess, Into That Silent Sea:
Trailblazers of the Space Era, 1961-1965, published by the University of Nebraska Press
in 2007. There are accounts of historical movements towards space travel
of both American and Russian advancement in the frontier, as well as the first
space launch which I believe will be important to reference. Francis French and
Colin Burgess also wrote another title together, In the Shadow of the Moon:
A Challenging Journey to Tranquility, 1965-1969, published by the
University Nebraska Press in 2007. In which it reviews previous space
explorations which will be important to consider when thinking of future space
exploration. Space historian Colin Burgess’ Footprints in the Dust: The Epic
Voyages of Apollo, 1969-1975, published by the University of Nebraska Press
in 2008 recalls Apollo, the famous shuttle in the United States and around the
world. Colin Burgess is a historian who offers detail through interviews with
astronauts and cosmonauts, and knowing about the famous voyages of Apollo will
provide vital information about the explorers’ views throughout their missions.
While
private spaceflight is not something the general public can afford, it is still
something to consider because it does allow for people to go into space. Though
I don’t plan on spending a huge amount of time on this subject, it will
important to refer to
Space
travel, like any other adventure is dangerous. While I completely support it,
it would be unfair of me to not mention the negatives that have resulted from
attempted space travel, and this book will help me do so. Chris Dubbs and
Emeline Paat-Dahlstrom’s “Realizing Tomorrow: The Path to Private Spaceflight”,
published by the University of Nebraska Press in 2011. This article discusses
early education about space and the solar system. Teaching kids about space
early may inspire interest and lead to future astronomers, astrophysicists,
astronauts, and cosmonauts which would further our possibilities of space
travel.
A
major obstacle in space exploration is technological advancement, and many
sources address this. For example Kumar Krishen's "Technology Needs for
Future Space Exploration," published by IETE Technical Reviews in 2009.
This article reviews how the goal of space exploration is to open the frontier
of space. Discussed in the article are the necessities in knowledge of the
natural processes of space and the necessary advancements in technology that
would need to be made for human expansion into space. This article will
allow me to in-vision the likelihood of making these technological
advancements, and how long it would take to accomplish them.
Another reference is Andrew B. Kahng, Bin Li, Li-Shiuan Peh, and Kambiz
Samadi's "ORION 2.0: a fast and accurate NoC power and area model for
early-stage design space exploration," published by the Conference of
Design, Automation and Test in 2009. This article will give me information
about the technology being worked on today for the future advancement of space
travel. It’s important to consider the technology, including the possible
technology as discussed in this article. Skylab is a huge feature in space
exploration, as noted in David Hilt, Owen Garriott, and Joe Kerwin's Homesteading
Space: The Skylab Story, published by the University of Nebraska Press in
2008. With the advancement of Skylab, humans are slowly but surely moving
further out into space. Using this book, I will have the information I need
about Skylab to consider its future uses in space travel. Another useful tool
in learning about the technology involved in space exploration is T.S. Aurora',
and Michelle Kirk's "Eye in the Sky: Science with the Hubble Space
Telescope," published by Physics Education in 2014. The Hubble Space
Telescope is famous for observation. This article will present it’s
accomplishments, as well as describe how it is used, how it was made, and
actions that have been made upon the telescope since.
Physics
is the breakdown of everything in our universe. Ideally, humans will eventually
be able to travel to other planets in where we may live, however not all
planets are inhabitable. Malcolm Fridlund discusses the relatively new field of
Comparative Planetology with a main focus on exoplanets in his "Future
Space Missions To Search For Terrestrial Planets," published by Space
Science Reviews in 2014. I will use this article to help me examine the ratio
of known habitable planets to inhabitable planets, and the likely hood that we
as a race will be able to reach them. David Greene is a well-respected
physicist, and in his book, The Elegant Universe, published in
2003, he discusses superstrings, hidden dimensions, and other
astrophysical processes and theories which would affect theoretical space
exploration. I will use this book to dive deeper into my understand of
astrophysical problems in regards to space travel which I will use in my paper
when addressing the issues of space exploration. Chris Gainor and Alfred
Worden's To a Distant Day, published in 2010 is the perfect book for
my project. It is used by professors at the University of Nebraska in space
exploration courses. It addresses the ideas of future space travel and its
origins. Another useful article was Roland Lehoucq' "Illuminating the
Blackbody," published by the European Journal of Physics in
2011. This article discusses the concepts of the blackbody. Being one of
the baseline elements in astrophysical studies, it will be important to address
and understand as to correct for error in possible travel in regards to blackbody
radiation. When people think of space, they often think of the sun. D.S.
Brown addresses this in their "Our Explosive Sun," published by
Physics Education in 2014. While the sun allows us to survive, it causes major
issues with space travel, and this article will help me address that in my
paper.
In
space exploration, the key role is physics, Aksel Hallin and Doug Hallman's
"The Wonderous New World of Particle Astrophysics," published by
Physics Teacher dives into the more specific astrophysics. If we wish to explore
and colonize the universe around us, we must (at least relatively) understand
it. This article will offer insight into recent progress in particle
astrophysics. Gamma-Ray radiation is an important part of studying
astrophysics and Michael Catanese, and Trevor C. Weekes' article
"Very High Energy Gamma Ray Astronomy" will present to me an account
of the current findings on y-ray astronomy, and its effects on
observatories.
Space
travel has many issues, but many more possibilities. while it may seem like
science fiction right now, sooner than expected it will be a necessity for
survival. There are men and women working every day to further our existence
into space and maybe one day, we will have no limits.
WORKS
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Fridlund,
Malcolm. “Future Space Missions to Search for Terrestrial Planets.” Space
Science Reviews. Vol. 135, Issue 1-4, Mar. 2008.
Bhandari,
Narendra. “Planetary exploration: Scientific importance and future prospects.” Current
Science. Vol. 94, Issue 2, 25 Jan. 2008.
Greene,
Brian. The Elegant Universe 2003, W.W. Norton Company, Inc.
Garvin,
James B. “The Science Behind the Vision for U.S. Space Exploration: The Value
of a Human-Robotic Relationship” Springer Science & Business Media Vol.
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Crawford,
A. Ian. “Towards an Integrated Scientific and Social Case for Human Space
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Robert. “Robots for Space Exploration” The Industrial Robot 39.4, 2012.
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J. Andrew “Limited by Cost: The Case Against Humans in the Scientific
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Aksel, Doug Hallman. “The Wondrous New World of Modern Particle Astrophysics.”
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T.S., Michelle Kirk. “Eye in the Sky: Science with the Hubble Space Telescope.”
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15 Jan. 2014.
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